Hablemos de Elecciones Peruanas y Cifras (Bonus)

Peruvian Elections have been tagged as the elections that divided our country. The BBC presented it in a map, with regions captures by one or the other party. However, preferences evolved over time and will evolve again depending on each region's news, promises, and actions.

Let us remember that the election was defined by a difference of 44 263 votes only (between the two parties) and let us add some facts that makes this difference quite interesting if we check only the second round and some unusual but feasible facts:

1. There are 36 (0.4%) polling stations fully voided, it means the full list of voters voided for each polling station: 10 574 spoilt votes. There is no record to see if there was a vote intention or how that vote distribution was (or could have been).
2. There are 193 (2%) polling stations fully voided after the election, it means 33 822 spoilt votes, where the assistance to the polling station was below the polling station list.
3. There are 21 (0.2%) polling stations where there was not a single absence: 4505 votes.
4. There are 347 (4%) polling stations (39 791 votes) with not a single spoilt vote on any of them (vs 8641 polling stations with at least one spoilt vote). 160 polling stations located abroad and 187 in Peru (only 10 in Lima).
5. There are 21 polling stations with 100% valid votes for a single candidate (any of the two): 2171 votes.

Back to the map, we will present the composition of each region, the number of poll stations and the number of expected voters for each one. As Peruvians can vote abroad, we can also consider some continents as regions, as they can have more voters than certain Peruvian locations.

Country	Region	Poll Stations	Total Voters
PERU	LIMA	27942	8322644
PERU	LA LIBERTAD	4852	1429469
PERU	PIURA	4811	1396448
PERU	AREQUIPA	3950	1145268
PERU	CAJAMARCA	3828	1103247
PERU	CUSCO	3526	1025280
PERU	JUNIN	3425	982556
PERU	LAMBAYEQUE	3333	977656
PERU	PUNO	3163	922016
PERU	ANCASH	3102	886265
PERU	CALLAO	2754	824496
PERU	LORETO	2392	699964
EXTRANJERO	AMERICA	2253	661763
PERU	ICA	2223	651364
PERU	SAN MARTIN	2188	636330
PERU	HUANUCO	2051	586411
PERU	AYACUCHO	1704	473282
PERU	UCAYALI	1317	389889
PERU	APURIMAC	1125	316000
PERU	AMAZONAS	1105	306186
PERU	HUANCAVELICA	1094	299843
EXTRANJERO	EUROPA	1012	291798
PERU	TACNA	974	282974
PERU	PASCO	695	200682
PERU	TUMBES	574	167771
PERU	MOQUEGUA	524	148367
PERU	MADRE DE DIOS	396	116513
EXTRANJERO	ASIA	146	36910
EXTRANJERO	OCEANIA	24	6222
EXTRANJERO	AFRICA	5	340

Now let's observe the first regions separately, with the evolution of votes in their different elections and parties and then the final result for the last election. We will observe a comparison regarding the voters' turnout and the received votes for each party in three different elections: Congress election (2020-EC1), First round presidential election (2021-EG1), Second round presidential election (2022-EG2). 

The main observation for all the results (Peru and abroad) is the evolution of the "spoilt vote", for the three last elections, we observe the peaks of "spoilt vote" for the first two elections and "Fuerza Popular" for the third one:

Now it's the turn of the biggest region Lima (1) with 27942 polling stations, the capital, with similar results and with a larger margin between FP and PL parties for the second-round election:

La Libertad (2), similar to previous charts (4852 polling stations):

(3) Piura with 4811 polling stations (the grey line is now spoilt vote):

(4)  Arequipa (3950 polling stations) is the first big game-changer: the observed peaks are for Union por el Peru (for 2020 EC), Peru Libre for first and second round 2021 elections.

(5) Cajamarca (3828 p.s.) presents a different shape on the distributions. Spoil Vote on top in 2020, then Peru Libre on top for both 2021 elections. A special distribution shape is visible for Fuerza Popular in 2021-second-round (blue line).

(6) Cuzco (3526 p.s.) also similar to Cajamarca with wider distance from one candidate to another:

(7) Junin (3425 p.s.) is similar too but the difference is not as large as in the previous one:

(8) Lambayeque (3333 p.s.) with spoilt vote on top for 2020-EC1 and 2021-First Round (EG1) and then Fuerza Popular for 2021 Second Round (EG2):

(9) Puno (3163 p.s.), almost captured by "Peru Libre" for the 2021 second round (EG2):

(10) Ancash (3102 p.s.), from Spoilt Vote for 2020 and 2021 first round, to Peru Libre in 2021 second round:

(11) Callao (2754 p.s.), with Fuerza Popular on top in the 2021 second round, before the spoilt vote:

(12) Loreto (in the jungle with 2392 polling stations) the same:

And just one case from abroad: (13) America (North, Central and South America: 25 countries with 2253 polling stations) with Spoilt Vote on top for 2020, then Renovación Popular / Spoilt Vote for 2021 (First Election) and finally Fuerza Popular for the second round:

As we can see, a Peru divided is relative, as there was competition in various regions, except for Cuzco and Puno. The bigger change was the evolution of the vote, reducing the spoilt vote to a minimum in the final election (2021 second round: EG2).

Other regions over 2000 polling stations each:

Regions over 1000 polling stations each:

And finally, the remaining regions with less than 1000 polling stations each:

On a final note, let's go back to the map, if we observe the same map considering the number of voters for each region, we will see something different.